Method for detecting a malfunction in an automated irrigation system

ABSTRACT

A method for detecting a breach in an irrigation line ( 32 ) of an irrigation system ( 10 ) includes comparing a fluid condition at a first point along the irrigation line ( 32 ) with the fluid condition at a second point located at an irrigation unit ( 20 ) to determine whether a disparity of at least a predetermined percentage in the fluid conditions exists. The fluid condition can include a measurement of irrigation fluid pressure, quantity of irrigation fluid ( 19 ), rate of flow of the irrigation fluid ( 19 ), voltage and/or electrical current through the irrigation fluid ( 19 ). The method can include selectively monitoring the fluid condition at the irrigation unit ( 20 ) over time using a main control system ( 22 ). In another embodiment, the method includes comparing the fluid condition at the first point along the irrigation line ( 32 ) with the fluid condition at each of a plurality of second points. In still another embodiment, the method includes the main control system ( 22 ) selectively activating one or more of the irrigation units ( 20 ) so that irrigation fluid ( 19 ) flows to or through one or more of the irrigation units ( 20 ) to measure the fluid condition.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority on copending U.S. application Ser. No.10/762,134 filed on Jan. 20, 2004 and entitled “IRRIGATION UNITINCLUDING A POWER GENERATOR”. As far as is permitted, the contents of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/762,134 are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Water is becoming an increasingly valuable and scarce commodity both inthe United States and abroad. In particular, extreme drought conditionsare common in arid regions such as the desert southwestern UnitedStates, although a decreased level of precipitation and resulting lowwater supplies can occur just about anywhere at various times. Tocompound matters, substantial amounts of water are squandered due toinefficient and ineffective conventional irrigation systems, for avariety of reasons.

For example, typical irrigation units distribute water in a full round,half-round, quarter-round or an adjustable-type circular pattern. Thus,no matter how the irrigation units are arranged, obtaining consistentwater coverage over a rectangular watering area is difficult orimpossible. Watering normally occurs to prevent brown spots, resultingin over watering in basically all other areas. In fact, in order toensure that all areas are adequately irrigated, overlapping sprayregions occur, which can result in certain areas receiving 300% or moreof the necessary amount of water.

Further, runoff from elevated areas such as mounds, slopes or hillscauses ponding in lower areas, which can ultimately result in the higherareas absorbing an insufficient amount of water, while the lower areasare being saturated with water. Thus, watering occurs indiscriminatelywhether certain areas of the ground are wet or dry. In addition, in hot,windy conditions, water has a higher evaporation rate and may notactually reach the ground in the intended location, if at all. Moreover,different types of grass, trees or other foliage require varying levelsof irrigation. These problems are exacerbated when the watering area isirregularly-shaped and includes areas that do not require water, such aswalkways, driveways, fountains, ponds or other surfaces or features.

Consequently, a significant quantity of water is routinely wasted,resulting in higher water bills and lower reservoirs. Further, the costfor pumping large amounts of water can result in increasingly highelectrical expenses. In large turf areas, such as on golf courses,excessive and inefficient watering can give rise to enormous costs tothe owner, thereby making maintaining a lush, green golf courseprohibitive.

Further, turf and soil maintenance is significantly increased due to thedeposits of minerals, chemicals and salts that are left in the soil fromirrigation. This is particularly a problem where reclaimed water havinga high total dissolved solids (TDS) content is used for irrigation.These minerals, chemicals and salts can reduce absorption of the waterinto the soil, can change the pH of the soil, and/or can make the soilexcessively salty, inhibiting growth of vegetation in the soil.

SUMMARY

The present invention is directed toward a method for detecting a breachin an irrigation line of an irrigation system that includes the step ofcomparing a fluid condition at a first point along the irrigation linewith the fluid condition at a second point located at an irrigation unitof the irrigation system to determine whether a disparity of at least apredetermined percentage in the fluid conditions exists. In alternateembodiments, the fluid condition includes a measurement of irrigationfluid pressure, a measurement of a quantity of irrigation fluid, ameasurement of a rate of flow of the irrigation fluid, a measurement ofa voltage in the irrigation fluid and/or a measurement of electricalcurrent in the irrigation fluid. In one embodiment, the step ofcomparing includes selectively monitoring the fluid condition at theirrigation unit over time using a main control system.

In another embodiment, the method includes the step of comparing thefluid condition at the first point along the irrigation line with thefluid condition at each of a plurality of second points. In thisembodiment, each second point is located at a corresponding spaced apartirrigation unit to determine whether a disparity in the fluid conditionsthat is at least a predetermined percentage exists.

In still another embodiment, the method includes the step of selectivelyactivating one of the irrigation units so that irrigation fluid flowsthrough one of the irrigation units to measure the fluid condition atthat irrigation unit. In this embodiment, the main control system canmethodically change the irrigation unit that is selectively activated tofacilitate a determination of a breach in the irrigation line.

In yet another embodiment, the method includes the steps of measuring afluid condition at a plurality of irrigation units of the irrigationsystem and determining whether a disparity in the fluid conditionsexists above a predetermined percentage between two of the plurality ofirrigation units.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself,both as to its structure and its operation, will be best understood fromthe accompanying drawings, taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdescription, in which similar reference characters refer to similarparts, and in Which:

FIG. 1A is a top plan view of a hole of a golf course and an automatedirrigation assembly having features of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a detailed top plan view of a portion of the hole illustratedin FIG. 1A, including a first embodiment of a plurality of irrigationregions;

FIG. 1C is a detailed top plan view of a portion of the hole illustratedin FIG. 1A, including a second embodiment of a plurality of irrigationregions;

FIG. 1D is a detailed top plan view of one of the irrigation regionsillustrated in FIG. 1C, including a plurality of irrigation subregions;

FIG. 1E is a detailed top plan view of a portion of the hole illustratedin FIG. 1A, including a third embodiment of a plurality of irrigationregions;

FIG. 1F is a detailed top plan view of one of the irrigation regionsillustrated in FIG. 1E, including a plurality of irrigation subregions;

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of an irrigation unit having features ofthe present invention illustrated in a retracted position;

FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the irrigation unit illustrated in FIG.2A in an extended position;

FIG. 2C is a top plan view of the irrigation unit illustrated in FIG.2A;

FIG. 2D is a cut-away view of a first section of the irrigation unitillustrated in FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2E is a top plan view of an alternative irrigation unit havingfeatures of the present invention;

FIG. 2F is a front plan view of a third section of the irrigation unitillustrated in FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2G is a cut-away view of the third section of the irrigation unittaken on line 2G-2G in FIG. 2F;

FIG. 2H is a cut-away view of the third section of the irrigation unittaken on line 2H-2H in FIG. 2F;

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the irrigationunit;

FIG. 2J is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of theirrigation unit; and

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram showing the electrical componentsof a main control system in communication with the irrigation units inaccordance with the present invention.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides an automated irrigation system (alsoreferred to herein simply as “irrigation system”) and method forselectively irrigating a specific area. The configuration and type ofarea with which the irrigation system provided herein can be used canvary widely. For ease of understanding, a portion of a golf course isdescribed herein as a representative area that can be irrigated with thepresent invention. However, it is recognized that any area in need ofirrigation, regardless of size or location, can benefit from use withthe irrigation system provided herein. For example, the irrigationsystem 10 can be used for irrigating a lawn, a sports field,agricultural crops and other vegetation, a cemetery, a park, or anyother suitable area.

A number of Figures include an orientation system that illustrates an Xaxis, a Y axis that is orthogonal to the X axis, and a Z axis that isorthogonal to the X and Y axes. It should be noted that these axes canalso be referred to as the first, second and third axes.

FIG. 1A is a top plan view of an automated irrigation system 10 havingfeatures of the present invention installed on a golf course 12 (only aportion of the golf course 12 is illustrated for clarity). Morespecifically, the portion of the golf course 12 illustrated in FIG. 1Aincludes one golf hole 14, although it is recognized that any number ofgolf holes 14 can be included in the golf course 12. The typical golfhole 14 can include a plurality of features, such as (i) one or more teeareas 16A, (ii) one or more trees, bushes or other plants (also referredto herein as “vegetation” 16B), (iii) one or more areas of relativelyshort turf growth (also referred to herein as a “fairway” 16C), (iv) oneor more areas of longer turf growth (also referred to herein as “rough”16D), (v) a green 16E, (vi) one or more sand traps 16F, (vii) one ormore natural or manmade water features 16G such as lakes, streams,ponds, waterfalls, etc., (viii) a cart path 16H or vehicle access road,(ix) a natural or manmade rock formation 161, and/or (x) walkways 16J,paths or bridges, as non-exclusive examples.

In one embodiment, one or more of the water features 16G can serve as afluid source 18 that uses a pump (not shown) or other suitable means tosupply irrigation fluid 19 for the irrigation system 10. Alternatively,the fluid source 18 can be a water tank or other receptacle (not shown),or an offsite water source (not shown), such as a lake, river, stream orthe like. Still alternatively, the fluid source 18 can include waterfrom a municipal or reclaimed water source, as non-exclusive examples.

The type of irrigation fluid 19 utilized can vary according to the typeof ground cover and the features 16A-J on the golf course 12. Theirrigation fluid 19 can be (i) water, (ii) reclaimed water, (iii) wastewater, (iv) water with amendments, additives, chemicals, and/orpesticides, or (v) another suitable type of fluid, as non-exclusiveexamples.

In one embodiment, the irrigation system 10 precisely providesirrigation fluid 19 to those features that normally would requireirrigation fluid 19, such as the tee areas 16A, the vegetation 16B, thefairway 16C, and the green 16E. On the other hand, in one embodiment,the irrigation system 10 inhibits and/or minimizes the application ofthe irrigation fluid 19 on various other features, such as the sandtraps 16F, the water features 16G, the cart paths 16H, the rockformations 16I and the walkways 16J. As provided herein, the irrigationsystem 10 can selectively and efficiently distribute the irrigationfluid 19 to specific areas, while reducing or eliminating theapplication of irrigation fluid 19 to other areas.

Additionally, the rough 16D may require irrigation fluid 19 dependingupon the type of grass or other planting material included in the rough16D and the desired condition of such grass or vegetation. For instance,if the rough 16D includes grass areas, irrigation fluid 19 may berequired. However, if the rough 16D includes bark, mulch, dirt, sand orother ground cover that would not require irrigation fluid 19, theirrigation system 10 reduces or eliminates applying irrigation fluid 19to those areas, as described in greater detail below. With this design,a decreased quantity of irrigation fluid 19 is required, therebylowering water costs. Further, inhibiting watering of cart paths 16H andwalkways 16J decreases the likelihood of (i) a golf cart losingtraction, or (ii) the creation of a slip and fall hazard for a golfer,as examples.

The irrigation system 10 illustrated in FIG. 1A includes (i) a pluralityof spaced apart irrigation units 20, each having a unit power source 230(illustrated in FIG. 2D), (ii) a main control system 22, and (iii) anauxiliary power source 24. As provided in greater detail below, theirrigation units 20, the main control system 22 and the auxiliary powersource 24 cooperate to distribute irrigation fluid 19 from one or moreof the fluid sources 18 to specific regions of the golf course 12. In analternative embodiment, and as explained in detail below, no auxiliarypower source 24 is required. In one embodiment, the auxiliary powersource 24 can be in electrical communication with the main control unit22 and/or the irrigation units 20.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1A, the main control system 22 canbe in electrical communication with one or more of the irrigation units20 via a power line 26 and/or a data line 28. In an alternativeembodiment, a single line can operate as both the power line 26 and thedata line 28. Still alternatively, either or both of the power or datalines between the main control system 22 and the individual irrigationunits 20 are not necessary.

The arrangement and positioning of the irrigation units 20 can varydepending upon the configuration and the water requirements of thefeatures 16A-J on the golf course 12. Further, because the irrigationsystem 10 provided herein can be retrofitted for use with an existingirrigation system (not shown) as provided in greater detail below, thepositioning of the irrigation units 20 described herein may also be atleast partly dependent upon the location of existing irrigation units(not shown) to be retrofitted, although this is not a requirement of thepresent invention.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1A, the irrigation units 20 arearranged in a pattern that includes one or more rows. Alternatively, theirrigation units 20 can be arranged in a different pattern, or can berandomly placed on the golf course 12.

FIG. 1B is an enlarged view of the dashed rectangular area 1Billustrated in FIG. 1A. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1B, thegolf hole 14 includes a plurality of irrigation regions 30 (illustratedwith grid lines 31). Although the irrigation regions 30 illustrated inFIG. 1B are substantially square, any shape can be used for theirrigation regions 30. For example, the geometry of each irrigationregion 30 can be circular, oval, rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal,hexagonal, or can have another suitable configuration. Further, the golfhole 14 can utilize a combination of geometries for the irrigationregions 30. Additionally, the size of each irrigation region 30 can bevaried. In one embodiment, each irrigation region 30 can be a squarethat is approximately 80 feet×80 feet. However, the irrigation region 30can have a larger or smaller area, depending upon the designrequirements of the irrigation units 20. In alternative embodiments, theirrigation region 30 can be 25 feet×25 feet, 40 feet×40 feet, 60 feet×60feet, or 100 feet×100 feet, as non-exclusive examples.

In this embodiment, each irrigation region 30 is serviced by acorresponding irrigation unit 20. Further, in the embodiment illustratedin FIG. 1B, the irrigation regions 30 and the irrigation units 20 withinthe irrigation regions 30 are aligned in substantially straight rowsalong the golf hole 14, and are connected with subterranean irrigationlines 32 (some representative irrigation lines 32 are shown in phantomin FIG. 1B) to the fluid source 18.

As an overview, in one embodiment, each irrigation unit 20 is programmedto precisely apply the appropriate quantity of irrigation fluid 19, asnecessary, to only those portions of the corresponding irrigation region30 that require irrigation fluid 19. Additionally, in one embodiment,should the irrigation fluid 19 requirements change over time within theirrigation region 30, the irrigation unit 20 will accordingly modify thequantity of irrigation fluid 19 applied within the irrigation region 30,as provided herein.

The irrigation system 10 can use existing irrigation lines 32 in theevent of a retrofit. Alternatively, the existing irrigation lines 32 canbe abandoned, or a portion of the existing irrigation lines 32 can beutilized. Still alternatively, new irrigation lines 32 can be installedbelow the surface of the ground in any pattern necessary to effectuatethe intent of the present invention. The irrigation lines 32 can beformed from plastics such as polyvinylchloride (PVC), various metals, orany other suitable materials.

FIG. 1C is another embodiment of a portion of a golf hole 14C. In thisembodiment, the irrigation units 20 are not aligned in rows. Instead, atleast some of the irrigation units 20 can be offset along either the Xaxis, the Y axis, or along both the X and Y axes. Stated another way,the irrigation units 20 can be specifically positioned to increase theeffective watering area of each irrigation unit 20. As used herein, theeffective watering area of one irrigation unit 20 within one irrigationregion 30 is defined as the percentage of the surface area within theirrigation region 30 that requires irrigation fluid 19. Thus, anirrigation unit 20 that is positioned immediately adjacent to the waterfeature 16G may have an effective watering area of approximately 50%.Other features 16F, 16H, 161, 16J (illustrated in FIG. 1A) that do notrequire irrigation fluid 19 can influence the effective watering areaupwards or downwards. In another example, an irrigation unit 20 that ispositioned in the middle of the fairway 16C may have an effectivewatering area of approximately 100%.

For example, because arranging the irrigation units 20 in substantiallystraight rows can be somewhat functionally arbitrary, the effectivewatering area of one or more irrigation units 20 can be somewhat reduceddue to the presence of one or more features 16A (illustrated in FIG.1A), 16B-D, 16E (illustrated in FIG. 1A), 16F-J within the irrigationregion 30. Thus, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1C, theirrigation units 20 are positioned so that the effective watering areaof each irrigation region 30 is optimized. It is recognized that theirrigation lines 32 must likewise be positioned to provide irrigationfluid 19 to the irrigation units 20, which may necessitate relocation ofexisting irrigation lines 32 in the event of a retrofit, or placement ofnew subterranean irrigation lines 32 for a new installation of theirrigation system 10.

FIG. 1D is a detailed top plan view of a representative irrigationregion 30 from the golf hole 14C illustrated in FIG. 1C. In thisexample, the irrigation region 30 includes the irrigation unit 20,vegetation 16B, a fairway 16C, rough 16D, a sand trap 16F, a cart path16H, and one or more alignment guides 38. In one embodiment of theirrigation system 10, the irrigation region 30 is divided into aplurality of irrigation subregions 34 (also referred to herein as“subregions”). The size, number and configuration of the irrigationsubregions 34 can vary depending upon the irrigation requirements of thegolf course 12, the configuration of the irrigation region 30, and thefeatures 16A-J included within the irrigation region 30, as examples.

For convenience, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1D, theirrigation region 30 includes 100 substantially square irrigationsubregions 34, arranged in a ten by ten grid pattern 36. In thisembodiment, assuming an irrigation region having dimensions of 80feet×80 feet, each irrigation subregion 34 would be 8 feet×8 feet.However, the grid pattern 36 can have any suitable dimensions. Forexample, the irrigation region 30 can be divided into a 20 by 20 gridpattern 36 so that the irrigation subregions 34 in this example would be4 feet×4 feet.

In one embodiment, the subregions 34 of a given irrigation region 30have approximately the same shape. In another embodiment, the subregions34 of a give irrigation region 30 have approximately the same area. Instill other embodiments, the subregions 34 can have differing shapesand/or areas within a given irrigation region 30. In yet anotherembodiment, the irrigation region 30 and/or the subregions 34 within theirrigation region 30 can be irregular in shape. Moreover, the subregions34 can be arranged so that they do not overlap, as illustrated in FIG.1D.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1D, the irrigation subregions 34are arranged on a standard X-Y coordinate scale. In this example, theirrigation subregion 34 in the lower left-hand corner is referred toherein as subregion (X₁, Y₁), the irrigation subregion 34 in the lowerright-hand corner is referred to herein as subregion (X₁₀, Y₁), theirrigation subregion 34 in the upper left-hand corner is referred toherein as subregion (X₁, Y₁₀), and the irrigation subregion 34 in theupper right-hand corner is referred to herein as subregion (X₁₀, Y₁₀).Further, the irrigation unit 20 is centrally positioned at the corner ofsubregions (X₅, Y₅), (X₅, Y₆), (X₆, Y₅) and (X₆, Y₆). However, thepositioning of the irrigation unit 20 within the irrigation region 30need not be centrally located. In fact, depending upon the configurationof the irrigation region 30 and the features 16A-J included within theirrigation region 30, it may be advantageous to offset the positioningof the irrigation unit 20.

The alignment guides 38 cooperate with the irrigation unit 20 tomaintain proper positioning, calibration and/or orientation of theirrigation unit 20 within the irrigation region 30, as described ingreater detail below. With this design, the irrigation unit 20 can moreaccurately deliver irrigation fluid 19 to specific subregions 34 in amanner that reduces irrigation in unwanted areas. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 1D, the irrigation region 30 includes three spacedapart alignment guides 38 that are radially positioned relative to theirrigation unit 20, although the number and positioning of the alignmentguides 38 can vary. For example, a single alignment guide 38 can be usedin conjunction with each irrigation unit 20. Alternatively, twoalignment guides 38 or greater than three alignment guides 38 can beused.

One or more alignments guides 38 can be positioned within the irrigationregion 30 as illustrated in FIG. 1D, or can be positioned outside of theirrigation region 30. Further, the alignment guides 38 can be fixedlypositioned in the ground so that they are flush with, or below thesurface of the ground. In one embodiment, the alignment guide(s) 38 forone irrigation region 30 can be positioned on an irrigation unit 20 ofanother irrigation region 30. Alternatively, the alignment guides 38 canbe positioned so that they are above the surface of the ground. Forexample, one or more of the alignment guides 38 can be suspended abovethe ground on the trunk of a tree, or on any substantially immovablestructure that is positioned on the golf hole 14. Further, the shape andsize of the alignment guides 38 can vary depending upon the designrequirements of the irrigation system 10, the irrigation unit 20 and thegolf course 12.

In one embodiment, the alignment guides 38 for a specific irrigationregion 30 can each be positioned along the perimeter of the irrigationregion 30. Alternatively, the alignment guides 38 can be positionedwithin the perimeter of the irrigation region 30. For example, in theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 1D, the alignment guides 38 can bepositioned at approximately 80% to 90% of the distance from theirrigation unit 20 toward the perimeter of the irrigation region 30.Alternatively, the alignment guides 38 can be positioned any otherdistance from the irrigation unit 20. Further, the three alignmentguides 38 can be positioned at approximately 120 degree angles (or anyother suitable angles) from each other relative to the irrigation unit20 so that the alignment guides 38 form a triangle that surrounds theirrigation unit 20. It is recognized that FIG. 1D represents only one ofany number of possible configurations of the alignment guides 38 for oneof the irrigation regions 30, and that the number and position ofalignment guides 38 can vary widely. For instance, the alignment guides38 can form another type of polygon that either surrounds or does notsurround the irrigation unit 20.

In one embodiment, each alignment guide 38 is formed from aheat-absorbing and/or heat-emitting material. For instance, thealignment guide 38 can be formed from a material that emits a differentamount of heat than the immediately surrounding area. In one embodiment,the alignment guide emits a greater amount of heat than the area thatsurrounds the alignment guide 38. Alternately, the alignment guide 38can be formed from a material that absorbs a different wavelength oflight than the immediately surrounding area. The alignment guide 38 canbe formed at least in part from plastics, epoxy resins, metals,composite materials, magnetic materials or any other suitable materials.

FIG. 1E is another embodiment of a portion of a golf hole 14E. In thisembodiment, the irrigation units 20E are each positioned within acorresponding irrigation region 30E that is substantially hexagonal inshape. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1E, the hexagonally-shapedirrigation regions 30E are arranged in a honeycomb pattern to increasethe total area that is serviced by the irrigation units 20E on the golfhole 14E. However, it is recognized that the irrigation regions 30E canbe arranged in any suitable configuration. Moreover, the size of eachirrigation region 30E can vary depending upon the design of theirrigation units 20E and the overall topography of the golf course 12.Furthermore, the positioning of the irrigation unit 20E within theirrigation region 30E can vary, as illustrated in FIG. 1E. For example,the irrigation unit 20E can be centrally positioned within theirrigation region 30E, or the irrigation unit 20E can be off-centerwithin the irrigation region 30E.

FIG. 1F is a detailed top plan view of a representative irrigationregion 30E from the golf hole 14E illustrated in FIG. 1E. In thisexample, the irrigation region 30E includes the irrigation unit 20E. Inone embodiment of the irrigation system 10, the irrigation region 30E isdivided into a plurality of substantially identical, triangular-shapedsubregions 34E. The size, number and configuration of the subregions 34Ecan vary depending upon the irrigation requirements of the golf course12, the configuration and size of the irrigation regions 30E, and theoverall topography within the irrigation region 30E, as examples. In theembodiment illustrated in FIG. 1F, the irrigation region 30E includes216 subregions 34E, although this number is illustrated as arepresentative example only.

In alternative embodiments, the hexagonal irrigation region 30E can bedivided into square or rectangular subregions 34 (illustrated in FIG.1D), for example. In still another alternative embodiment, theirrigation region 30 can be circular, with the subregions 34 each havinga wedge-shaped configuration.

The design of the irrigation unit 20 and the components of theirrigation unit 20 can be varied. One or more of the irrigation units 20illustrated in FIG. 1A can have the features of the irrigation units 20described herein. In one embodiment, the irrigation unit 20 canaccurately and precisely irrigate each subregion 34 in the irrigationregion 30 to the extent required. Additionally, the irrigation unit 20can measure, monitor, and/or record (i) an irrigation fluid 19temperature, (ii) an air temperature near the irrigation unit 20, (iii)a surface temperature of the individual subregions 34, (iv) the relativehumidity near the irrigation unit 20, (v) the wind speed near theirrigation unit 20, (vi) the ambient light near the irrigation unit 20,(vii) an irrigation start time for the irrigation unit 20, (viii) anirrigation stop time for the irrigation unit 20, (ix) an amount ofirrigation fluid utilized by the irrigation unit 20, and/or (x) a colorof ground and/or ground covering at each individual subregion 34.Further, the irrigation unit 20 can self-test the positioning of theirrigation unit 20 and/or self-test the components of the irrigationunit 20.

FIG. 2A is a perspective view of one embodiment of the irrigation unit20. In this embodiment, the irrigation unit 20 is retractable andincludes a unit housing 200 having a first section 202, a second section204, and a third section 206. Alternatively, the unit housing 200 caninclude more than three or less than three sections. For example, theunit housing 200 can be a unit that does not retract.

In FIG. 2A, the irrigation unit 20 is illustrated in the retractedposition. In this position, the third section 206 is retracted into thesecond section 204, and the second and third sections 204, 206 areretracted into the first section 202. With this design, the irrigationunit 20 can be positioned in the ground so that in the retractedposition, the entire irrigation unit 20 is at, near or below the surfaceof the ground.

FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the irrigation unit 20 in the extendedposition with the second section 204 extended above the first section202, and the third section 206 extended above the second section 204. Inthis embodiment, (i) the first section 202 includes a generallyrectangular box-shaped first frame 208, an opening 210 for receiving thesecond section 206 and a water inlet 212 that is in fluid communicationwith the fluid source 18, (ii) the second section 204 includes agenerally annular tube-shaped second frame 214, and (iii) the thirdsection 206 includes a generally annular tube-shaped side 216, agenerally disk-shaped top 218, and a nozzle 220. In this embodiment, thethird section 206 is sized and shaped to fit into the second section204, and the second section 204 is sized and shaped to fit into thefirst section 202. The height of the irrigation unit 20 in the extendedposition and the size of each section 202, 204, 206 can be designed tomeet the requirements of the irrigation system 10 (illustrated in FIG.1A). The first frame 208, the second frame 214, the side 216, and thetop 218 can be made of plastic or another type of durable material.

In one embodiment, the joints between one or more of the sections 202,204, 206 are sealed to inhibit water, dirt, and/or other contaminantsfrom entering into the components inside the sections 202, 204, 206.Further, the top 218 can be substantially flat, or can have a convexshape to inhibit collection of irrigation fluid or rainwater, forexample, on the top 218.

FIG. 2C is a top plan view of the irrigation unit 20, including thefirst, second, and third sections 202, 204, 206.

FIG. 2D is a cut-away view of the first section 202 of the irrigationunit 20. In this embodiment, the irrigation unit 20 includes a pluralityof electronic components 221. In one embodiment, the irrigation unit 20includes (i) a power storage unit 222, (ii) an electronic valve 224,(iii) a flow sensor 226, (iv) a first pressure sensor 228A and/or asecond pressure sensor 228B, (v) a unit power source 230, (vi) a fluidtemperature sensor 232, (vii) a flexible fluid conduit 234, (viii) asection mover 236, (ix) a section rotator 238, and (x) a unit controlsystem 240. In this embodiment, these components are positioned in thefirst section 202. Alternatively, one or more of these components can bepositioned in another section 204, 206 or in another location. It shouldbe noted that not all of these components are necessary. For example,the auxiliary power source 24 (illustrated in FIG. 1A) can be usedinstead of the unit power source 230. Further, the orientation and/orpositioning of these components can be changed.

In one embodiment, one or more of the sensors provided herein generateselectronic data that relates to one or more parameters of the irrigationfluid 20, and/or one or more parameters of the surrounding environment.

The power storage unit 222 stores electrical energy so that theelectronic components of the irrigation unit 20 can function if the unitpower source 230 is not providing power. In one embodiment, the powerstorage unit 222 directly transfers electrical energy to one or more ofthe electronic components of the irrigation unit 20. In one embodiment,the power storage unit 222 only transfers electrical power to theirrigation unit 20.

Non-exclusive examples of a suitable power storage unit 222 include oneor more capacitors and/or batteries. The power storage unit 222 is inelectrical communication with the unit control system 240 and some ofthe other components of the irrigation unit 20. In one embodiment, thepower storage unit 222 is recharged by the unit power source 230.

In one embodiment, the power storage unit 222 is positioned within thehousing 200 and is secured directly or indirectly to the housing 200. Inan alternative embodiment, the power storage unit 222 is positioned nearand outside the housing 200. In alternative, non-exclusive embodiments,for example, the power storage unit 222 can be within approximately 1,5, 10, 50, 100 or 1000 yards of the housing 200.

The electronic valve 224 is used to turn flow of the irrigation fluid 19on and off, control the rate of the flow and/or pressure of theirrigation fluid 19 that is delivered to the nozzle 220 (illustrated inFIG. 2B) from the water inlet 212. One example of an electronic valve224 includes a valve 242A, and a valve mover 242B that precisely movesand positions the valve 242A. The valve 242A can be a gate valve, ballvalve or another type of valve, and the valve mover 242B can be asolenoid or another type of actuator. In this embodiment, the valvemover 242B is electrically controlled by the unit control system 240 toselectively adjust the flow and/or pressure of the irrigation fluid 19to the nozzle 220. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2D, theelectronic valve 224 is in fluid communication with the water input 212and the flow sensor 226.

As alternative examples, the electronic valve 224 can be selectively andalternatively controlled so that the flow of the irrigation fluid 19from the water input 212 to the nozzle 220 can be completely on,completely off, or 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95 percent ofthe flow from the water input 212 if the electronic valve 224 was notpresent. Stated another way, the electronic valve 224 can be selectivelyand alternatively controlled so that the valve 242A is completely open,completely closed, or 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95 percentopen or any percentage open.

The flow sensor 226 measures the flow of the irrigation fluid 19 to thenozzle 220. Suitable flow sensors 226 include a flow meter or turbinewheel with an electronic counter. The first pressure sensor 228Ameasures the pressure of the irrigation fluid 19 that is being deliveredto the irrigation unit 20 and the second pressure sensor 228B measuresthe pressure of the irrigation fluid 19 that is being delivered to thenozzle 220. Suitable pressure sensors 228A, 228B include a pressuregauge, electrical compression piles or a pressure changing transducer.

The unit power source 230 generates electrical energy, provideselectrical energy to the electronic components 221 of the irrigationunit 20, is in electrical communication with the electronic components221 of the irrigation unit 20, and/or charges the power storage unit222. Further, the unit power source 230 can directly transfer electricalenergy to one or more of the electronic components 221 of the irrigationunit 20. In one embodiment, the unit power source 230 only transferselectrical power to the electronic components 221 of the irrigation unit20.

In one embodiment, the unit power source 230 is a turbine type generator244A that includes a turbine 244B that rotates a rotor 244C relative toa stator 244D to generate electrical energy. In one embodiment, theturbine 244B is in fluid communication with at least a portion of theirrigation fluid 19 that is being delivered to the nozzle 220. With thisdesign, flow of the irrigation fluid 19 causes the turbine 244B torotate and power to be generated. In alternative embodiments, theturbine 244B can include one or more fan blades, spline blades, or asquirrel cage fan that is rotated.

In one embodiment, the unit power source 230 can include an electronicvoltage regulator (not shown) that regulates the voltage generated bythe unit power source 230.

Alternatively, the unit power source 230 can include another type ofpower generator. For example, FIG. 2E illustrates a top plan view ofanother embodiment of an irrigation unit 20E that includes analternative example of a unit power source 230E. More specifically, inthis embodiment, the unit power source 230E is a solar type generatorthat includes a solar panel 244E. In this embodiment, the solar panel244E is mounted on the top of the first section 202. Alternatively, thesolar panel 244E can be mounted on another area of the irrigation unit20E or near the irrigation unit 20E.

Alternatively, the unit power source 230 can include another type ofgenerator, such as an electrolysis unit, a wind type generator, or afuel cell. Still alternatively, the irrigation unit 20 can be designedwithout the unit power source 230 and the irrigation unit 20 can beelectrically connected to the auxiliary power source 24 (illustrated inFIG. 1A) with one or more power lines.

In one embodiment, the unit power source 230 is positioned within thehousing 200 and is secured directly or indirectly to the housing 200. Inan alternative embodiment, the unit power source 230 is positioned nearand outside the housing 200. In alternative, non-exclusive embodiments,for example, the unit power source 230 can be within approximately 1, 5,10, 50, 100 or 1000 yards of the housing 200.

In an alternative embodiment, power is transferred to one or moreirrigation units 20 from the auxiliary power source 24 (illustrated inFIG. 1A). For example, one or more of the irrigation units 20 can beelectrically connected to the auxiliary power source 24 with standardelectrical lines. Alternatively, one or more of the irrigation units 20can be electrically connected to the auxiliary power source 24 via theirrigation lines 32. In this embodiment, power is transferred from theauxiliary power source 24 through the irrigation fluid 19 in theirrigation lines 32.

Referring back to FIG. 2D, the fluid temperature sensor 232 measures thetemperature of the irrigation fluid 19 that is delivered to the nozzle220. Suitable fluid temperature sensors 232 include a thermistor orother electronic devices that change resistance or capacitance withchanges of temperature.

The flexible fluid conduit 234 connects the water input 212 in fluidcommunication with the nozzle 220 and allows the nozzle 220 to be movedup and down and rotated. Suitable fluid conduits 234 include a rubbertube or another type of flexible conduit.

The section mover 236 moves the second section 204 (illustrated in FIG.2B) and/or the third section 206 up and down vertically along a unitlongitudinal axis 246 (along the Z axis) relative to the first section202 between the retracted position and the extended position. Thesection mover 236 can include one or more movers, such as rotary motors,voice coil motors, linear motors utilizing a Lorentz-type force togenerate drive force, electromagnetic movers, planar motors, or someother force movers. In another embodiment, the second section 204 and/orthe third section 206 can move up and down using irrigation fluidpressure.

The section rotator 238 rotates the third section 206 and/or the nozzle220 about the unit longitudinal axis 246 (about the Z axis) relative tothe first section 202. The section rotator 238 can include one or moremovers, such as rotary motors, voice coil motors, linear motorsutilizing a Lorentz force to generate drive force, electromagneticmovers, planar motors, or some other force movers.

The unit control system 240 is in electrical communication with many ofthe components of the irrigation unit 20 and controls many of thecomponents of the irrigation unit 20. In one embodiment, the unitcontrol system 240 includes a printed circuit board 240A, an electronicprocessor 240B, and/or a data storage device 240C. The electronicprocessor 240B processes electronic data and can include one or moreconventional CPU's. In one embodiment, the electronic processor 240B iscapable of high volume processing and database searches. The datastorage device 240C stores electronic data and algorithms forcontrolling operation of the irrigation unit 20 as described below. Thedata storage device 240C can include one or more magnetic disk drives,optical storage units, random access memory (RAM), read only memory(ROM), electronically alterable read only memory (EAROM), and/or flashmemory, as non-exclusive examples.

In one embodiment, the unit control system 240 can receive and storeinformation from (i) the flow sensor 226 regarding flow of theirrigation fluid, (ii) the fluid temperature sensor 232 regarding thetemperature of the irrigation fluid 19, and (iii) the pressure sensors228A, 228B regarding the pressure of the irrigation fluid 19.Additionally, the unit control system 240 can receive and storeinformation from other components of the irrigation unit 20 as describedbelow. Alternately, for example, one or more of these components canprovide the information directly to the main control system 22(illustrated in FIG. 1A).

Moreover, for example, the unit control system 240 can control (i) theelectronic valve 224 to precisely control the flow rate and/or pressureof the irrigation fluid 19 to the nozzle 220, (ii) the section mover 236to precisely control the position of the second and/or third sections204, 204, along the Z axis and the position of the nozzle 220 along theZ axis, and/or (iii) the section rotator 238 to precisely control therotational position of the second and third sections 204, 206, about theZ axis and the rotational position of the nozzle 220 about the Z axis,the X axis and/or the Y axis. With this design, the nozzle 220 caneffectively oscillate back and forth, and up and down relative to theirrigation region 30. Additionally, the unit control system 240 cancontrol other components of the irrigation unit 20 as described below.Alternately, for example, one or more of these components can becontrolled directly or indirectly by the main control system 22.

In one embodiment, the unit control system 240 is in electricalcommunication with the main control system 22. For example, the unitcontrol system 240 can communicate with the main control system 22 andtransfer data from the irrigation unit 20 to the main control system 22on a periodic basis or continuous basis. For example, the unit controlsystem 240 can communicate with the main control system 22 and can (i)upload data to the main control system 22, (ii) download data from themain control system 22, (iii) download new programming from the maincontrol system 22, (iv) download new firmware from the main controlsystem 22, and/or (v) download new software from the main control system22, (vi) detect missing or disabled irrigation units 20, and canselectively enable and/or disable one or more irrigation units 20.Additionally, the unit control system 240 can communicate with the maincontrol system 22 if there are problems with the irrigation unit 20and/or any of the ground coverings in any of the subregions 34.Moreover, delays or breaks in communication between the unit controlsystem 240 and the main control system 22 can signal problems with theirrigation system 10.

FIG. 2F is a front plan view of the third section 206 of the irrigationunit 20. In this embodiment, the third section 206 includes (i) a nozzleopening 248, (ii) the nozzle 220, (iii) a first wind speed sensor 250Aand/or a second wind speed sensor 250B, (iv) a first light sensor 252Aand/or a second light sensor 252B, (v) a first humidity sensor 254Aand/or a second humidity sensor 254B, (vi) a first air temperaturesensor 256A and/or a second air temperature sensor 256B,

-   -   (vii) a subregion sensor opening 258, (viii) a subregion sensor        260, and (ix) an electrical interface 261. In this embodiment,        one or more of these components are positioned in or on the        third section 206. Alternatively, one or more of these        components can be positioned in or on another section 202, 204        or in another location. Further, one or more of these components        can be positioned flush with the top 218. It should be noted        that not all of these components may be necessary for the        operation of the irrigation unit 20.

The nozzle opening 248 extends through the side 216 of the third section206, allows the nozzle 220 to be positioned inside the third section 206and direct the irrigation fluid 19 outside the third section 206, andallows the nozzle 220 to be moved relative to the side 216. The size andshape of the nozzle opening 248 can be varied to suit the movementrequirements of the nozzle 220. In FIG. 2F, the nozzle opening 248 isgenerally rectangular shaped.

The nozzle 220 releases and directs the irrigation fluid 19 to thevarious subregions 34. In one embodiment, the nozzle 220 is generallytubular shaped and includes a nozzle opening 262 that directs a streamof the irrigation fluid at the respective subregion to reduce the amountof evaporation when the air is hot and/or dry. In one embodiment, toobtain an accurate and even distribution of the irrigation fluid 19 tothe various subregions 34, the nozzle 220 is oscillated both up and downand sideways, right and left. This allows the stream to evenly cover anddistribute the irrigation fluid 19. Alternatively, for example, thenozzle 220 could be designed to have a pulsed stream, a spray or apulsed spray. Still alternatively, for example, the valve mover 242B canmove the valve 242A to achieve a pulsed spray or other spray pattern.

In one embodiment, in the extended position, the nozzle 220 isapproximately 12 inches above the ground. Alternatively, for example,the nozzle 220 can be more than or less than 12 inches above the ground.

The wind speed sensors 250A, 250B measure the wind speed near theirrigation unit 20. In one embodiment, the first wind speed sensor 250Ameasures wind speed when the irrigation unit 20 is in the extendedposition and the second wind speed sensor 250B measures wind speed whenthe irrigation unit 20 is in the retracted position. Suitable wind speedsensors 250A, 250B include a thermistor with a heater. Measuring howfast the thermistor changes resistance can be correlated to wind speed.

The light sensors 252A, 252B measure the light near the irrigation unit20. In one embodiment, the first light sensor 252A measures the lightwhen the irrigation unit 20 is in the extended position and the secondlight sensor 252B measures the light when the irrigation unit 20 is inthe retracted position. Suitable light sensors 252A, 252B includevarious photo cells and light sensitive electronics sensitive to visiblelight.

The humidity sensors 254A, 254B measure the humidity near the irrigationunit 20. In one embodiment, the first humidity sensor 254A measures thehumidity when the irrigation unit 20 is in the extended position and thesecond humidity sensor 254B measures humidity when the irrigation unit20 is in the retracted position. Suitable humidity sensors 254A, 254Binclude a hygrometer and other moisture sensitive electronic devicessensitive to moisture.

The air temperature sensors 256A, 256B measure the air temperature nearthe irrigation unit 20. In one embodiment, the first air temperaturesensor 256A measures the air temperature when the irrigation unit 20 isin the extended position and the second air temperature sensor 256Ameasures the air temperature when the irrigation unit 20 is in theretracted position. Suitable air temperature sensors 256A, 256B includea thermistor or other temperature sensitive electronic devices.

The subregion sensor opening 258 extends through the side 216 of thethird section 206, allows the subregion sensor 260 to be positionedinside the third section 206 and monitor the subregions 34 outside thethird section 206, and allows the subregion sensor 260 to be movedrelative to the side 216. The size and shape of the subregion sensoropening 258 can be varied to suit the movement requirements of thesubregion sensor 260. In FIG. 2F, the subregion sensor opening 258 isgenerally rectangular shaped.

The subregion sensor 260 monitors the status of one or more of thesubregions 34 in the irrigation region 30. In one embodiment, thesubregion sensor 260 directly or indirectly measures the temperature ata portion of each subregion 34. In another embodiment, the subregionsensor 260 can be used to directly or indirectly measure the moisturecontent of a portion of one or more subregions 34. For example, in thisembodiment, the subregion sensor 260 can be used in conjunction with oneor more other sensors to measure the temperature of a portion of asubregion 34, the humidity and/or the air temperature. This informationcan then be used in an algorithm to indirectly determine the moisturecontent of the portion of the subregion 34. Additionally, oralternatively, the subregion sensor 260 can measure or detect the coloror other features of the surface covering of each subregion 34. Forexample, the subregion sensor 260 can determine which subregions 34 havethe desired color, e.g. green, and which subregions 24 are turning anundesired color, e.g. brown.

In one embodiment, the subregion sensor 260 can include an infraredsensor 260A that receives an infrared signal. In this embodiment, theinfrared sensor 260A can be sequentially directed at each individualirrigation subregion 34 to independently receive an infrared signal ateach individual irrigation subregion 34 to individually measure thesubregion temperature at each subregion 34. Additionally, in oneembodiment, the subregion sensor 260 can include a lens 260B thatintensifies the light collected by the subregion sensor 260. Forexample, the lens 260B can be a lenticular or Fresnel type lens that isdesigned to optimize the IR signal and concentrate it on the IR sensor260A.

Additionally or alternatively, for example, the subregion sensor 260 caninclude a visible light detector 260C that is sequentially directed ateach individual irrigation subregion 34. In this embodiment, the lens260B can be designed and optimized for the low incidence angle for thevisible and infrared wavelengths.

In one embodiment, in the extended position, the subregion sensor 260 isapproximately 24 inches above the ground. Alternatively, for example,the subregion sensor 260 can be more than or less than 24 inches abovethe ground.

In one embodiment, the lenses and sensors can be coated with a highdensity non-stick coating 259C (illustrated as shading) such aspolytetraflouroethylene to inhibit adhesion of material, such as dirt,chemicals, water minerals, impurities, and deposits to the lenses andsensors.

Additionally, referring back to FIG. 2B, the irrigation unit 20 caninclude a cleaner unit 259U that can be used to clean one or more of thelenses and/or sensors. For example, the cleaner unit 259U can include(i) a nozzle 259 u 1 to direct irrigation fluid, water or a cleaningfluid on one or more of the lenses and/or sensors and/or (ii) a material259 u 2 such as cloth or chamois that can wipe one or more of the lensesand/or sensors.

The electrical interface 261 allows for an external control system 326(illustrated in FIG. 3) to interface with the unit control system 240.In one embodiment, the electrical interface 261 is an input jack that iselectrically connected to the unit control system 240. In thisembodiment, the external control system 326 includes an electricalconnector that inputs into the input jack. In another embodiment, forexample, the electrical interface 261 can be an electricalreceiver/transmitter that interfaces with a receiver/transmitter of theexternal control system 326 to allow for data transfer within theirrigation system 10 between the systems 326, 240. With these designs,the external control system 326 is either wirelessly, visible light, orinvisible light, inductively, or capacitively coupled to the unitcontrol system 240.

It should be noted, for example, in an alternative embodiment, that theelectrical interface 261 can be mounted on the top edge of the section202.

The unit control system 240 (illustrated in FIG. 2C) is in electricalcommunication with and receives information from the wind speed sensors250A, 250B, the light sensors 252A, 252B, the humidity sensors 254A,254B, the air temperature sensors 256A, 256B, and the subregion sensor260. Stated another way, the unit control system 240 monitors and storeson a programmable periodic basis, air temperature, humidity, wind speedand visible light with times. Alternately, for example, one or more ofthese components can provide the information directly or indirectly tothe main control system 22 (illustrated in FIG. 1A).

Based on the data gathered by the unit control system 240, the unitcontrol system 240 can determine which subregions 34 need irrigation,the best time to irrigate, and the appropriate quantity to irrigate.

Additionally, with this information problems with the irrigation unit 20and/or the ground covering in each subregion 34 can be detected andreported to the main control system 22.

In one embodiment, based on the information received by the unit controlsystem 240, the unit control system 240 using algorithms based on theprevious data, e.g. recorded air temperature, humidity, wind speedand/or visible light, can determine how much irrigating, if any, needsto be done.

FIG. 2G is a cut-away view of one embodiment of the third section 206 ofthe irrigation unit 20. FIG. 2G illustrates that the irrigation unit 20includes (i) a nozzle pivot 264 that secures the nozzle 220 to the side216 of the third section 206 and allows the nozzle 220 to pivot relativeto the third section 206, (ii) a sensor pivot 266 that secures thesubregion sensor 260 to the side 216 of the third section 206 and allowsthe subregion sensor 260 to pivot relative to the third section 206, and(iii) a nozzle mover 268 that moves and pivots the nozzle 220 and thesubregion sensor 260 relative to the third section 206. The nozzle mover268 can include one or more movers, such as rotary motors, voice coilmotors, actuators, linear motors utilizing a Lorentz-type force togenerate drive force, electromagnetic movers, planar motors, or someother force movers. In FIG. 2F, the nozzle mover 268 is coupled with anozzle linkage 270 to the nozzle 220 and a sensor linkage 272 to thesubregion sensor 260. With this design, the nozzle mover 268concurrently moves both the nozzle 220 and the subregion sensor 260.Alternatively, for example, separate movers (not shown) can be used toindividually move the nozzle 220 and the subregion sensor 260. Stillalternatively, the nozzle 220 and the subregion sensor 260 can befixedly attached together and can move together.

The unit control system 240 can control the nozzle mover 268 toprecisely control the position of the nozzle 220 and the subregionsensor 260. With this design, by controlling the section mover 236(illustrated in FIG. 2D), the section rotator 238 (illustrated in FIG.2D), and the nozzle mover 268, the unit control system 240 canindividually and selectively direct the subregion sensor 260 at eachsubregion 34 and receive information from each subregion 34. Further,with this design, by controlling the section mover 236, the sectionrotator 238 (illustrated in FIG. 2D), and the nozzle mover 268, and theelectronic valve 224 (illustrated in FIG. 2D), the unit control system240 can individually and selectively direct the irrigation fluid 19 fromthe nozzle 220 at any one or every one of the subregions 34.Alternatively, for example, one or more of these components can becontrolled directly or indirectly by the main control system 22.

As used herein, the section mover 236, the section rotator 238 and thenozzle mover 268 are individually and/or collectively referred to as anozzle mover assembly. As provided herein, the nozzle mover assembly caninclude additional movers to position and move the nozzle 220 and/or thesubregion sensor 260.

In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2G, the irrigation unit alsoincludes a nozzle sensor 276 and a rotation sensor 278. The nozzlesensor 276 can detect the relative positioning of the nozzle 220 aboutone or more axes. In other words, the nozzle sensor 276 can sense theangle of the nozzle 220 about any axis, and can transmit thisinformation to the unit control system 240. The unit control system 240can use this information to determine whether the nozzle 220 is properlyangularly positioned to irrigate the desired subregion 34. In analternative embodiment, the position of the nozzle 220 can be determinedby monitoring the amount of current (or other power) that has beendirected to the nozzle mover assembly, e.g. to move the nozzle 220 froma predetermined starting position.

The positioning of the nozzle sensor 276 can be varied depending uponthe design requirements of the irrigation unit 20. In this embodiment,the nozzle sensor 276 is positioned in the interior of the third section206. In an alternative embodiment, the nozzle sensor can be positionedon the nozzle, or in another suitable location.

The rotation sensor 278 can detect the rotation of the third section206, and thus the nozzle 220, relative to the second section 204, thefirst section 202, the sprinkler housing 200 and/or the irrigationregion 30. In other words, the rotation sensor 278 can monitor the 360degree rotational positioning of the third section 206 to determinewhether the third section 206 is properly oriented to deliver irrigationfluid 19 to the desired subregion 34. The rotation sensor 278 transmitsthis information to the unit control system 240. The unit control system240 can use this information to determine whether the nozzle 220 isaccurately rotationally positioned to irrigate the desired subregion 34.In an alternative embodiment, the position of the third section 206, andthus the rotational position of the nozzle 220, can be determined bymonitoring the amount of current (or other power) that has been directedto the section rotator 238, e.g. to move the third section 206 from apredetermined starting position.

The positioning of the rotation sensor 278 can be varied depending uponthe design requirements of the irrigation unit 20. In this embodiment,the rotation sensor 278 is positioned on the exterior of the thirdsection 206. In an alternative embodiment, the rotation sensor 278 canbe positioned in the interior of the third section 206, on the exterioror in the interior of the second section 204, or in another suitablelocation.

With this design, the unit control system 240 accurately (i) controlsthe movement of the nozzle 220 head up, down or around, (ii) controlsthe pressure and flow of the irrigation fluid 19 to the nozzle 220,and/or (iii) turns the irrigation fluid 19 on and off, including whenthe nozzle 220 is directed at sand traps 16F, cart paths 16H, waterfeatures 16G, walkways 16J, or other areas where irrigation fluid 19 isnot necessarily desired. In this manner, the irrigation unit 20 is ableto accurately and individually irrigate each subregion 34 of eachirrigation region 30 to the desired level, and in the required order.This can result in virtually no overlap between adjacent irrigationunits 20, and therefore, little or no wasted irrigation fluid 19,thereby saving costs for both irrigation fluid 19 and electricity topump the irrigation fluid 19.

FIG. 2H is a cut-away view of the third section 206 of the irrigationunit 20. FIG. 2H illustrates that in one embodiment, the subregionsensor 260 is offset from the nozzle 220. The amount of offset can vary.For example, the subregion sensor 260 can be offset approximately 90degrees of the nozzle 220. Alternatively, the offset can be greater orless than 0 degrees.

In FIG. 2H, the nozzle 220 pivots near the end of the nozzle 220.Alternatively, for example, the nozzle 220 can pivot at the center ofthe nozzle 220 or about another area.

FIG. 2I is a perspective view of another embodiment of the irrigationunit 20I. In this embodiment, the irrigation unit 20I includes aprotective cover 274 that distributes the load and protects theirrigation unit 20I. In FIG. 21, the protective cover 274 is a flat orslightly convex plate that is secured to the top of the third section206. The composition of the protective cover 274 can vary, provided theprotective cover is sufficiently rigid to withstand forces frompedestrians, golf carts and other vehicles, golf bags, pull carts,tractors, lawnmowers, other landscaping equipment or any other forcesthat could possibly damage the irrigation units 20I.

FIG. 2J is a perspective view of still another embodiment of theirrigation unit 20J. In this embodiment, the protective cover 274J isslightly curved or convex shaped so that water and other debris fallmore easily off the cover 274J. With this design, the sensors 250B,252B, 254B, 256B are less likely to be covered. Still alternatively, theprotective cover can have another shape such as slightly pitched,slightly concave, arched, or slightly inclined.

Referring back to FIG. 1D, in one embodiment, at one or more times, e.g.at programmable time intervals, the irrigation unit 20 also verifies therelative positioning of the irrigation unit 20 and adjusts and/orcorrects the position of the nozzle 220 (illustrated in FIG. 2B) asneeded. If the position cannot be corrected by the irrigation unit 20, asignal can be sent to the main control system 22 so that the irrigationunit 20 is manually repositioned or otherwise recalibrated or fixed.Thus, if the irrigation unit 20 is damaged or moved, it can correct theproblem or notify the main control system 22 via the unit control system240.

In one embodiment, the subregion sensor 260 is utilized to determine ifthe nozzle 220 is directing the irrigation fluid 19 to the appropriatedesired area. For example, the alignment guides 38 (illustrated in FIG.1D) for a particular irrigation region 30 are monitored with thesubregion sensor 260 prior to or during irrigation to determine if thenozzle 220 is being correctly positioned to irrigate these positions. InFIG. 1D, the alignment guides 38 are located approximately 120 degreesapart at about 80% to 90% of the distance of the irrigation distributionthrow. The subregion sensor 260 can locate and monitor these positionsto make certain that the positioning of the nozzle 220 is true andaccurate. In one embodiment, the unit control system 240 is programmedto know where these alignment guides 38 are located within theirrigation region 30.

On a periodic or continual basis, the subregion sensor 260 can locateone or more of the alignment guides 38 for the specific irrigationregion 30 based on information that can be initially programmed into theunit control system 240. Stated another way, the unit control system 240can cause the subregion sensor 260 to be positioned to detect heat or aspecific wavelength of light from the alignment guides 38 in a specificdirection based on an initial positioning of the alignment guides 38relative to a portion of the irrigation unit 20, such as the subregionsensor 260, for example. In another embodiment, the subregion sensor 260can detect a particular physical pattern or signature that is imprintedor impregnated on the alignment guide 38.

If, however, the irrigation unit 20 moves from its initial orientation,i.e. from impact with a golf cart, vandalism, or any other unwantedmovement, and the subregion sensor 260 is unable to detect one of thealignment guides 38 at its initial position, the unit control system 240can cause one or more of the actuators to oscillate the subregion sensor260 up and down, side to side, or both, until the alignment guide 38 islocated by the subregion sensor 260. Once one or more of the alignmentguides 38 are located in this manner by the subregion sensor 260,information regarding the extent of the necessary oscillation until suchalignment guide(s) 38 were located, i.e. angle, direction and/ordistance, is provided by the subregion sensor 260 to the unit controlsystem 240 for processing. The unit control system 240 can thendetermine the extent to which the irrigation unit 20 has been moved,dislodged, disoriented or the like, from its initial orientation, alongor about any axis.

Once this extent is determined, the unit control system 240 can adjustthe flow rate of irrigation fluid 19 to the nozzle 220 and/or thepositioning of the nozzle 220 accordingly, i.e. about or along any axis,so that the coordinates for each subregion 34 in the irrigation region30 are effectively recalibrated and accurate irrigation is maintained.Stated another way, with the extent of misalignment determined, the unitcontrol system 240 can compensate for the misalignment. The irrigationunit 20 can then be automatically or manually reprogrammed toeffectively recalibrate the irrigation unit 20 based on its modifiedorientation relative to the alignment guides 38. With this design, anydisruption or offset of irrigation of the irrigation region 30 can bereduced or eliminated despite unwanted movement of the irrigation unit20 along or about any axis.

The way in which the position of the irrigation unit 20 relative to thealignment guides 38 is determined can vary. For example, the subregionsensor 260 can detect the heat, light or color to locate one or morealignment guides 38. Alternatively, for example, the subregion sensor260 can send a signal that is reflected off of the alignment guides 38to locate one or more alignment guides 38. Still alternatively, forexample, one or more of the alignment guides 38 can send a signal thatis received by the subregion sensor 260 to locate the alignment guides38, or one or more of the alignment guides can include a sensor thatdetermines the position of the irrigation unit 20.

FIG. 3 illustrates that the irrigation units 20 can be electricallyconnected and/or coupled to the main control system 22. It should benoted that one or more of the functions performed by the main controlsystem 22 and described herein can be performed by one or more of theunit control systems 240 (illustrated in FIG. 2D). Further, one or moreof the functions performed by the unit control systems 240 and describedherein can be performed by the main control system 22.

The main control system 22 can include a personal computer (PC), orworkstation, and can include (i) a central processing unit (CPU) 310,(ii) one or more forms of memory 312, 314 such as EPROM, EAROM, magneticor optical storage drives, (iii) one or more peripheral units such as akeyboard 316 and a display 318, (iv) a data encoder/decoder unit 320which provides two-way communication between the irrigation units 20 andthe main control system 22, and/or (v) an internal bus 301 thatelectrically connects one or more of the components of the main controlsystem 22. The data encoder/decoder unit 320 encodes data on theinternal bus 301 under control of the CPU 310. The encoded data is thentransmitted over the data line 28 to the irrigation unit(s) 20. Incomingdata from the irrigation units 20 is decoded by the data encoder/decoderunit 320 and used by the CPU 310 and stored in one or more of the memoryunits 312, 314.

Alternatively, for example, the main control system 22 can communicatewith the irrigation units 20 wirelessly using the irrigation fluid 19flowing through the irrigation lines 32. In this case, for example, theencoded signals are transmitted by electromagnetic waves, DC/AC signal,visible or invisible light, or RF signals through the irrigation fluid19 in the irrigation lines 32. The encoded signal is sent from anantenna, or aerial 322, located in the irrigation line 32, andelectrically connected to the encoder/decoder 320 in proximity to themain control system 22, and this signal is transmitted through theirrigation fluid 19 flowing in the irrigation line 32. The signal isthen received at the irrigation unit(s) 20 by another antenna 324electrically connected to the unit control system 240 and located in theirrigation line 32 in proximity to the irrigation unit(s) 20. Additionalconnections (not shown) can be located in irrigation lines 32 and theground proximate the main control system 22 and each irrigation unit 20,for transmitting and receiving the encoded signals via the earth and incombination with transmission via the irrigation fluid 19.

In the case of transmission of the encoded signals using electromagneticwaves or DC/AC signal, a ground to earth at the irrigation unit 20 andat the main control system 22 can be used. At the irrigation unit 20,the ground to earth can consist of a ground spike 328 (only one groundspike 328 is illustrated in FIG. 3) that is implanted into the earthnear the irrigation unit 20, with a wire 330 connecting the ground spiketo the irrigation unit 20. In another embodiment, the irrigation unit 20can have bare metal wires (not shown) that extend into the earth, or theirrigation unit 20 can include a metallic bottom (not shown) thatdirectly contacts the earth.

In alternative embodiments, the communication between the main controlsystem 22 and the irrigation units 20 can be accomplished using RFsignals through the air, infrared and/or other non-visible lightsignals, or using fiber optic cables, as non-exclusive examples.Furthermore, each irrigation unit 20 can retransmit a received signal toother irrigation units 20 in the irrigation system 10 to keep the signalstrength high in the network. In one embodiment, while differentirrigation units 20 receive and retransmit the signal, each irrigationunit 20 can have a unique identifier or serial number (ID). In thisdesign, only the irrigation unit 20 having a predetermined ID willrespond to the signal.

The main control system 22 monitors and controls the overall operationof the irrigation system 10 based on firmware algorithms stored inmagnetic or optical disks, the Read Only Memory unit (ROM) 312, and/orstored in the unit control systems 240. Data and programming informationstored at each unit control system 240 can also be stored in the maincontrol system 22. The main control system 22 can troubleshoot problemsin the irrigation system 10 and take faulty or otherwise problematicirrigation units 20 off the system until they can be repaired orreplaced.

In one embodiment, the main control system 22 is additionally used toprogram or reprogram the irrigation units 20 with upgraded firmware, newirrigation sequences, and/or new irrigation requirements for changes invegetation or reconfigured irrigation regions 30, as non-exclusiveexamples. Additionally, in one embodiment, the main control system 22can control the sequence of the start times for each irrigation unit 20.Furthermore, the main control system 22 can be used to override the setirrigation duration, times, and control the irrigation units 20 toirrigate at other times.

In monitoring the operation of the irrigation system 10, the maincontrol system 22 can obtain and store all data collected at andassociated with each irrigation unit 20. The main control system 22compares present and previously received data from the irrigation units20 to provide statistical data and determine whether the irrigationsystem 10 and/or one or more of the irrigation units 20 are operatingproperly. For example, the main control system 22 collects dataincluding the quantity of irrigation fluid 19 used by each irrigationunit 20 over time, and the fluid pressure at each irrigation unit 20.With this data, the main control system 22 can compare the present usageand/or fluid pressure for a given irrigation unit 20 to past usage andfluid pressure levels. If there is a significant disparity in usageamounts and/or fluid pressures (e.g. above a predetermined thresholdpercentage) during a particular period in time, this could indicate thata problem exists at that irrigation unit 20 or in the irrigation line 32leading toward or away from that irrigation unit 20.

For example, in non-exclusive embodiments, if the present usage is atleast approximately 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% belowthe historic or otherwise expected usage amounts for the same irrigationunit 20 under the same conditions, a problem such as a leak in theirrigation line 32 or a malfunction with the irrigation head 20 isidentified by the main control system 22. Somewhat similarly, innon-exclusive alternative embodiments, if the present fluid pressure ata particular irrigation unit 20 is at least approximately 2%, 5%, 10%,15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% less than the historic fluid pressurefor that irrigation unit 20, a problem is identified by the main controlsystem 22.

Moreover, in non-exclusive embodiments, if the fluid usage for aplurality of irrigation units 20 is at least approximately 2%, 5%, 10%,15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% below the amount of irrigation fluid 19that is being sent through the irrigation lines 32 to those irrigationunits 20, a problem is identified by the main control system 22.Somewhat similarly, in non-exclusive alternative embodiments, if thefluid pressure at one or more irrigation units 20 is at leastapproximately 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% below thefluid pressure at a point that is upstream from the one or moreirrigation units 20, a problem is identified by the main control system22.

Additionally, in embodiments where irrigation fluid is being used as anelectrical conductor of data signals, power, or any other electricalsignal, a drop in the electrical signal beyond what may be considerednormal under the circumstances given the dimensions of the irrigationlines 32, can be detected by the main control system 22 after receivingdata from the irrigation units 20. A drop in any such electrical signalcan be indicative of a leak, which could cause a short in the circuit.For instance, if the irrigation fluid 19 in the irrigation lines 32 isused to deliver power to the irrigation units 20 and the moisture in theearth is used as the earth-ground, a leak in one of the irrigation lines32 could short-circuit a portion of the irrigation system 10.

Thus, in some embodiments, if the voltage, current, or other electricalsignal measurement for one irrigation unit 20 is at least approximately2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% below the voltage, current,or other electrical signal measurement for another irrigation unit 20, aproblem is identified by the main control system 22. Alternatively, thistype of comparative measurement can be between any two points along theirrigation system 10 where irrigation fluid 19 is being used as anelectrical conductor, as described herein.

The main control system 22 can perform a somewhat similar analysis ofdata received from one or more individual irrigation units 20 todetermine whether any fluid pressure changes over time have occurred,which may be indicative of a problem with an irrigation line 32 or withthe one or more irrigation units 20. For example, the main controlsystem 22 can compare historic fluid pressures with current fluidpressures at predetermined time intervals. If a disparity in these fluidpressures above a predetermined percentage (such as the percentagesprovided above) occurs, a problem is identified by the main controlsystem 22.

As used herein, a measure of usage of irrigation fluid 19, which caninclude quantity or flow rate, a measure of irrigation fluid pressure,and/or a measure of the voltage, electrical current or other electricalsignal in the irrigation fluid are generically referred to as “fluidconditions”. The main control system 22 can compare one or more fluidconditions at various locations in the irrigation system 10 at aparticular point in time. Further, the main control system 22 cancompare one or more fluid conditions at a specific location, i.e. at apoint near the fluid source 18, at a particular irrigation unit 20, orat a point along one of the irrigation lines 32, over time. Moreover,the main control system 22 can compare one or more fluid conditions at aplurality of locations over time. With the data obtained from thesecomparisons, the main control system 22 can determine where a problemsuch as a breach in an irrigation line 32 or a faulty irrigation unit 20may exist, and when the problem first occurred.

Importantly, the above comparisons, which have been provided only asnon-exclusive examples to illustrate the versatility of the irrigationsystem 10, can be performed by selecting any two or more points anywherealong the irrigation system 10. These points include, but are notlimited to, a combination of one or more irrigation units 20, one ormore points along one or more irrigation lines 32, one or more points ator near the fluid source 18, one or more points near the fluid meter330, or any other point that can detect irrigation fluid pressure orflow.

For example, the main control system 22 can compare the irrigation fluid19 usage for an irrigation unit 20 against the total system usage amountto determine if there is a potential problem in the irrigation line 32(e.g. otherwise undetectable breaches in the irrigation line 32) and/orthe irrigation unit 20. In other words, the main control system 22 cancooperate with the irrigation units 20 to determine if there are any“invisible” underground irrigation line 32 breaks by comparing totalirrigation unit 20 usage with the total irrigation fluid 19 initiallydelivered to one or more of the irrigation units 20.

In one embodiment, the irrigation system 10 can perform a staticpressure test during non-irrigation times by obtaining a measurement ofthe irrigation fluid pressure near a fluid meter 330 positioned near apump station (not shown) or fluid source 18 (illustrated in FIG. 1A),and comparing this measured pressure with the irrigation fluid pressureat the first pressure sensor 228A of one or more of the irrigation units20. A disparity in pressure above a predetermined threshold percentagefrom near the fluid meter 330 to the irrigation unit 20 can indicate tothe main control system 22 that a problem with a nearby irrigation line32 exists, or it can be indicative of a problem with the irrigation unit20 from which the decreased pressure was measured. This type of testingis enabled because of the ability of the irrigation system 10 topressurize the irrigation lines without actually sending irrigationfluid 19 through the irrigation units 20.

Further, the irrigation system 10 can perform a dynamic pressure test bycomparing the expected irrigation fluid pressure at one or moreirrigation units 20 (which can take into account elevation differencesbetween the water source 18 and/or pump station 330 and the irrigationunits 20) during an irrigation cycle, and comparing this expectedpressure with the actual measured irrigation fluid pressure from thefirst pressure sensor 228A or the second pressure sensor 228B at the oneor more irrigation units 20 during an irrigation cycle. If the expectedpressure is a predetermined percentage above the measured pressure, thiscan be indicative of a breach in the irrigation line 32. By selectivelyactivating certain irrigation units 20, the approximate location of thebreached irrigation line can be narrowed down and/or actuallydetermined. Any detected potential problem can be indicated on thedisplay 318 of the main control system 22, thereby notifying a user ofthe irrigation system 10. With this design, a substantial amount ofirrigation fluid 19 can be saved as a result of detecting a leak whensuch leak could otherwise go undetected for an extended period of time.

Additionally, the main control system 22 can (i) collect all programminginformation for each irrigation unit 20, (ii) display all vegetationproblems or failures reported by the irrigation units 20, (iii) poll allthe irrigation units 20 to make certain they are there and functioningproperly, (iv) reprogram any existing or replacement irrigation units 20with the stored head programming data from the irrigation units 20, (v)reprogram any or all of the irrigation units 20 with new firmware,and/or (vi) reprogram the location(s) of the subregion(s) 34 in one ormore irrigation regions 30, change from routine irrigating to new fromseed irrigating, etc.

In another embodiment, the main control system 22 can control thesequence of start times for the individual irrigation units 20.Moreover, the manufacturer can be able to poll the main control system22 and download all data with a modem. The data can be used by themanufacturer to enhance the algorithms and add new features.

Further, the main control system 22 can be utilized to determine if theirrigation units 20 are all operational, because the main control system22 is in periodic and/or continuous communication with the irrigationunits 20. For example, each irrigation unit 20 can be programmed toperform a self-test prior to irrigating its respective irrigation region30. If there is a problem with the self-test, the unit control system240 can communicate a fault to the main control system 22.

In one embodiment, the self-test can include determining whether theirrigation unit 20 is properly oriented relative to the alignment guides38. Other self-testing functions can include taking humidity and/ortemperature readings to determine proper functioning of one or more ofthe sensors, and checking proper functioning of the data storage device(RAM unit, ROM unit, EAROM), the power storage unit (battery orcapacitor storage), the unit power source, communications, irrigationfluid pressure, etc. In one embodiment, the data from each irrigationunit 20 is compared with surrounding irrigation units 20 to determinewhether a specific irrigation unit 20 is functioning consistently withother nearby irrigation units 20. For instance, in the event that oneirrigation unit 20 is generating data indicating a greater than 5%disparity from one or more surrounding irrigation units 20, then maincontrol system 22 can determine that a problem with the irrigation unit20 may exist. This threshold percentage can vary depending upon thedesired sensitivity of the system or the type of data being analyzed,and can be greater or less than 5%, i.e. 1%, 2%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%,75%, 100%, or some other appropriate percentage.

The main control system 22 can attempt a repair of the irrigation unit20 by sending a reset command to the unit control system 240, or byreprogramming the unit control system 240, after which the irrigationunit 20 can perform the self-test again. If no potential problem isindicated, then the irrigation unit 20 can proceed with the newlyprogrammed irrigation plan. Alternatively, if there still is a potentialproblem, the main control system 22 can turn off the irrigation unit 20and flag it for repair. In one embodiment, if an irrigation unit 20needs to be replaced, the replacement irrigation unit 20 can beinstalled and programmed very efficiently since the information for eachirrigation unit 20 is stored in the main control system 22.

Turning back to the control of the irrigation units 20, the irrigationunit 20 is controlled by one or more algorithms that are stored in anduse information associated with each irrigation unit 20. The algorithmsand initial information can be programmed into the unit control system240 of the irrigation units 20 or can be downloaded from the maincontrol system 22 or downloaded through the electrical interface 261.Initial information for each irrigation unit 20 can include (i) specificidentification indicia, such as a serial number or ID, for theirrigation unit 20, (ii) topographical information, such as the slopeand elevation of the region 30 and each subregion 34 within theirrigation region 30 for that irrigation unit 20, (iii) the type ofgrass or vegetation within each irrigation region 30 and subregion 34,and/or (iv) information defining the configuration or shape of theirrigation region 30 to be irrigated by the respective irrigation unit20.

The algorithms can be utilized to control the irrigation sequences foreach respective irrigation unit 20. After the irrigation sequences aredetermined for each irrigation unit 20, a priority for when theirrigation unit 20 is to perform its irrigation sequence is establishedand assigned to each irrigation unit 20.

In one embodiment, the algorithms and initial information for eachirrigation unit 20 is programmed into the unit control system 240 foreach irrigation unit 20 by an operator. In one embodiment, the initialinformation is inputted using a portable computing device 326 that isdirectly, wirelessly, inductively or capacitively coupled, or coupledusing visible or invisible light, to the electronics of the unit controlsystem 240 for one or more of the irrigation units 20 and/or the maincontrol system 22. For example, the portable computing device 326 can bein communication with the electrical interface 261 of one or more of theirrigation units 20. In one embodiment, the portable computing device326 is wirelessly connected to the irrigation unit 20 and/or the maincontrol system 22 during programming of the irrigation units 20. Withthis connection, all of the irrigation units 20 in the system 10 can beprogrammed. Alternatively, in another embodiment, the algorithms andinitial information can be input into the main control system 22 usingthe keyboard 318 or the portable computing device 326.

The portable computing device 326 can be electrically connected to theirrigation unit 20 via the electrical interface 261. In one embodiment,the portable computing device 326 includes a display screen thatgraphically displays with adjustable size the irrigation regions 30and/or subregions 34 of the golf course 12. For example, the displayscreen can display one of the subregions 34 in detail. The position ofthe irrigation unit 20 in the irrigation subregion 34 and the serialnumber of the irrigation unit 20 can be input into the irrigation unit20. Subsequently, the portable computing device 326 can control the unitcontrol system 240 to use the subregion sensor 260 to locate thealignment guides 38 for the subregions 34. Once the irrigation unit 20locates the alignment guides 38, the operator can control the irrigationunit 20 to irrigate the alignment guides 38. If necessary, the softwareof the irrigation unit 20 is adjusted so that the irrigation unit 20accurately irrigates the alignment guides 38. This allows the irrigationunit 20 to accurately irrigate other areas of the subregion 34.

Additionally, with the subregion 34 displayed on the portable computingdevice 326, the operator can enter the features of each portion of thesubregion 34. For example, the operator can enter the vegetation, trees,greens, fairways, cart path, water features, etc., of the specificsubregion 34. In one embodiment, the irrigation unit 20 would beprogrammed not to irrigate the cart path. Another example would includeprogramming the irrigation unit 20 to distribute more irrigation fluid19 in a grass area than in a shrub area.

Once all of the subregions 34 in a specific irrigation region 30 havebeen programmed into the irrigation unit 20, the irrigation unit 20 canbe programmed for which subregions 34 of the irrigation region 30 getirrigated first—and for how long—to prevent runoff. In one example, afirst subregion 34 can require approximately 15 minutes of irrigating.However, runoff occurs after five minutes. In this example, theirrigation unit 20 would be programmed to irrigate the first subregion34 for five minutes. After five minutes of irrigating, the irrigationunit 20 starts irrigating a second subregion 34. Subsequently, theirrigation unit 20 returns back to irrigate the first subregion 34 foranother five minutes. This sequence is repeated until each subregion 34is adequately irrigated. The sequencing would be continued until all ofthe subregions 34 have been programmed into the irrigation unit 20.Next, the priority of when each irrigation unit 20 starts would beentered by the operator. In one embodiment, the irrigation units 20would go on by themselves at the start of the designated time if theirrigation unit 20 determined that there was sufficient pressure of theirrigation fluid 19 for the irrigation unit 20 to operate. In oneembodiment, for a golf course 12, the irrigating start times and endtimes would be programmed in so as not to irrigate while golfers are inthe vicinity, if possible.

Turning now to the automated operation of the irrigation system 10, asset forth above, different irrigating sequences can be carried out byone or more algorithms which are dependent on information specific to,and gathered by, each irrigation unit 20. The main control system 22 andunit control systems 240 of the irrigation system 10 of the presentinvention can use different types of algorithms to control theirrigating sequences performed by the individual irrigation units 20. Inone embodiment, the type of algorithm employed in the irrigation system10 can depend on real-time, changing parameters. Another embodimentutilizes a second type of algorithm that is set and does not change onits own. Instead, this type of algorithm may be changed, orreprogrammed, by the main control system 22, or manually by a systemoperator using the keyboard 316, the portable computing device 326 oranother suitable method. In one embodiment, both the main control system22 and the unit control systems 240 use the algorithms that depend onchanging parameters. Alternatively, the unit control systems 240 can usethe set algorithms, while the main control system 22 uses an algorithmthat depends on changing parameters.

In general, the unit control systems 240 can utilize algorithms todetermine an irrigation sequence for the subregions 34 within theirrigation region 30 of a corresponding irrigation unit 20. In contrast,the main control system 22 can control the overall operation, timing andsequence of the irrigation units 20 in an area of the golf course 12 (orother land area) such as a single golf hole 14, a portion of a golf hole14, a portion of the golf course 12, or the entire golf course 12, asnon-exclusive examples. Alternatively, the main control system 22 canalso control the irrigation sequence for irrigation of the subregions 34within one or more specific irrigation regions 30.

Referring first to the algorithms used by the unit control systems 240,in one embodiment, the unit control system 240 can be programmed toirrigate its respective irrigation region 30 in the following sequence:irrigate the subregions 34 with the highest elevations first, thenirrigate the surrounding subregions 34 of these first-irrigatedsubregions 34, and then irrigate progressively lower elevationsubregions 34. The algorithm used to perform the irrigation sequencecould also take into consideration the slope of the subregions 34 indetermining the quantity and/or flow rate of irrigation fluid 19 that isapplied to the different subregions 34. For example, when irrigating thesubregions 34 surrounding the highest elevations, the amount ofirrigation fluid 19 used would be reduced by a predetermined percentageto compensate for an expected quantity of irrigation fluid 19 runofffrom the higher elevation subregions 34. The percentage reduced canvary, and can be dependent upon the slope of the surrounding subregions34, for example, such that the greater the slope, the greater thereduction of irrigation fluid 19 output for the surrounding, lower-lyingsubregions 34.

Other factors that the algorithm can take into account are, for example,the type of vegetation or grass in each subregion 34, or the fact thatthe subregion 34 contains a feature that does not require irrigationfluid 19, such as a cart path 16H, sand trap 16F, water feature 16G, orother features that do not require irrigation. Thus, the unit controlsystem 240 can determine that the subregions 34 within a specificirrigation region 30 require a disparate amount of irrigation fluid 19,and that certain subregions 34 do not require any irrigation fluid 19.With this design, the irrigation unit 20 can precisely control thequantity and/or flow rate of irrigation fluid 19 applied to differentand/or adjacent subregions 34.

For example, in alternative embodiments, the unit control system 240 candetermine that approximately 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% greaterirrigation fluid 19 is required as between different and/or adjacentsubregions 34. Alternatively, some other percentage difference betweendifferent and/or adjacent subregions 34 may be determined by the unitcontrol system 240.

The algorithm above is one of the set type of algorithms, since thesequence in which the subregions 34 are watered does not normallychange. In an alternative embodiment the irrigating sequence could bebased on an algorithm which depends on a real-time parameter such as thecolor of the grass or vegetation in each subregion 34. In this example,the algorithm can utilize sensor readings on the color in each subregion34, and the irrigation sequence is carried out from lightest to darkestsubregions 34, or from darkest to lightest. In still other embodiments,the above described algorithms can also take into account weatherfactors, such as, for example, the temperature, humidity, barometricpressure, wind direction and speed, in determining the amount ofirrigation fluid 19 to use, once the sequence is determined.

Additionally, since the unit control systems 240 can obtain the variousweather and vegetation readings in real-time, the algorithms can comparethe current reading with past readings to determine whether anyadjustments need to be made in the irrigating sequence and/or the amountof irrigation fluid 19 used. Stated another way, the algorithms can takeinto account a change in the physical condition of one or moresubregions 34 within the irrigation region 30 over time.

For example, when the irrigation unit 20 is not irrigating, on apredetermined periodic basis, the date, time of day, temperature, amountof visible light, wind speed, humidity, temperature of specificvegetation, color of specific vegetation and/or other relevantparameters within the irrigation region 30 can be measured and stored bythe irrigation unit 20. The algorithms stored in the unit control system240 can use such past historical data along with current data (e.g. past48 hours or some other suitable preset time period) in order tocalculate the amount of irrigation fluid 19 required over time for eachsubregion 34 in the irrigation region 30.

Moreover, the unit control system 240 or the main control system 22 cancompare the calculations from a particular irrigation unit 20 over timeto detect discrepancies indicative of a problem with the irrigation unitor the vegetation within the irrigation region 30. For instance, if thecalculated quantity of irrigation fluid 19 is being applied to asubregion 34, yet the color of the vegetation within the subregion isinconsistent with the desired color within a set period of time, theunit control system 240 can identify a problem. In one embodiment, theamount of irrigation fluid 19 can be steadily adjusted, i.e. increasedor decreased over time, as determined by the algorithm(s) programmedinto the unit control system 240, in order to achieve the desired colorof vegetation. In the event the desired color is not achieved within aspecified period of time as determined by the algorithm(s), theparticular subregion 34 or irrigation unit 20 can be automatically ormanually investigated for potential problems.

In this manner, the unit control systems 240 can be considered “smartsystems,” since they are continuously learning and adapting theirrigation sequence based on previous irrigation fluid 19 usage dataincluding times, quantity, and irrigation regions 30, which is stored inthe irrigation units 20. Further, since the unit control systems 240 arein communication with the main control system 22, the algorithmsexecuted at the unit control systems 240 can request higher priority oradditional irrigation fluid 19 from the main control unit 22 if thereal-time measured conditions indicate that the algorithm calculationswill not provide adequate irrigation for the irrigation region 30.

Moreover, in one embodiment, the unit control system 240 can reestablishan irrigation sequence anew for its respective irrigation unit 20 on aperiodic basis. For example, the unit control system 240 can reevaluateand recalculate an appropriate irrigation sequence at leastapproximately once every 24 hours. In alternative embodiments, the unitcontrol system 240 can determine an appropriate irrigation sequence moreor less often than one every 24 hours.

In the above examples, the priority or sequence of when each irrigationunit 20 is operated can be programmed from the main control system 22 asdetermined by a system operator. For example, the irrigation units 20can be grouped based on the type of region of the golf course 12, suchas the fairways 16C, the greens 16E, and/or other areas. The differentgroups are assigned priority levels by the operator and programmed bythe main control system 22 to the units 20. The main control system 22would control the starting times for each group to begin its irrigationsequence. In one embodiment, the irrigating times would be times whenthe golf course 12 is not in use. At the programmed starting time, theirrigation units 20 in each group would start its programmed irrigatingsequence if it is determined that there's sufficient pressure ofirrigation fluid 19 to begin irrigation. However, these set times can beoverridden if it is necessary to provide additional irrigation times dueto extreme weather conditions, such as high temperatures, low humidity,etc. This can be done manually by a system operator, or alternatively,the unit control systems 240 can be programmed to run the algorithmswhenever their sensors record information that the temperature orhumidity on the golf course 12 has reached a specific threshold value.In this case, the unit control system 240 can communicate with the maincontrol system 22, which can then decide whether or not the previouslyunscheduled irrigating should be performed.

In another embodiment, the algorithm for irrigating can be dependentupon the following parameters: temperature of the grass or vegetation,relative humidity, color of the grass or vegetation, amount of sunlight,time of day, time of year, irrigating requirements for the type ofground covering, wind conditions, or other suitable parameters. Atpreprogrammed times, the irrigation unit 20 can measure the temperature,amount of light, wind conditions and humidity at the unit 20, thetemperature and/or color of the ground covering in the subregion 34. Theunit control system 240 calculates an amount of irrigation fluid 19necessary for the subregion 34 based on the temperature, amount oflight, wind conditions and humidity at the irrigation unit 20, and anamount of irrigation fluid 19 based on the temperature and color of thegrass.

In one embodiment, once the appropriate quantity of irrigation fluid 19has been calculated for a subregion 34, only a certain percentage (forexample, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90%) of thecalculated quantity is applied over the subregion 34. The temperatureand/or color of the grass is then checked and if an acceptabletemperature and/or color are measured, irrigating is concluded (up to100%) for that subregion 34. However, if the measured temperature and/orcolor are not acceptable, then an additional percentage (for example,another 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%) of the calculated fluid is appliedover the subregion 34. The irrigation unit 20 continues to take themeasurements and apply irrigation fluid 19 in this manner untilacceptable measurements are obtained or until the irrigation quantityexceeds the calculated amount by a certain predetermined percentage. Ifthe latter occurs, the unit control system 240 reports to the maincontrol system 22 that there may be a problem at that subregion 34 orirrigation unit 20 serving that subregion 34.

In the above example, the algorithm includes a troubleshooting routinewhich tries to ensure that the proper amount of irrigation fluid 19 isbeing applied for the conditions and type of grass in the subregion 34.This is accomplished by repeatedly monitoring the temperature and colorof the subregion 34 after applying irrigation fluid 19 to the subregion34 and if the monitored temperature and/or color are not acceptable,more irrigation fluid 19 is applied. After some point however, when thetemperature and/or color are still not within an acceptable range, theunit control system 240 communicates a problem to the main controlsystem 22. The main control system 22 can then notify a system operatorthat there is a problem with the specifically numbered irrigation unit20, and the irrigation unit 20 can be disabled until it can be manuallytroubleshooted or otherwise repaired. Alternatively, the problem can beflagged for that irrigation unit 20 and it will continue watering at theprevious rates adjusted in accordance with the measured sensor readingsuntil maintenance corrects the problem.

Additionally, the unit control system 240 can use an algorithm that usesthe same parameters, but which also takes into account previous readingsof those parameters at past times/days/hours, in order to calculate theamount of irrigation fluid 19 that should be applied. By continuouslyusing the information from previous irrigation sequences, the unitcontrol system 240 is a “smart system” to provide more efficient andoptimized irrigation to a given area.

Algorithms have been described herein as being executed by the unitcontrol systems 240 and others by the main control system 22. Oneskilled in the art would recognize that the main control system 22 couldperform all control algorithms. Similarly, the unit control systems 240can perform the control algorithms carried out by the main controlsystem 22, other than the overall sequencing algorithm.

While the particular embodiments of the automated irrigation system 10and the irrigation units 20 as illustrated herein are fully capable ofsatisfying the needs and providing the advantages herein before stated,it is to be understood that it is merely illustrative of the presentlypreferred embodiments of the invention and that no limitations areintended to the details of construction or design herein shown otherthan as described in the appended claims.

1. A method for detecting a malfunction in an irrigation system, themethod comprising the step of: comparing a fluid condition at a firstpoint along an irrigation line with the fluid condition at a secondpoint located at an irrigation unit of the irrigation system todetermine whether a disparity of at least a predetermined percentage inthe fluid conditions exists.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the fluidcondition includes a measurement of irrigation fluid pressure.
 3. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the fluid condition includes a measurement ofa quantity of irrigation fluid.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein thefluid condition includes a measurement of a rate of flow of theirrigation fluid.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the fluid conditionincludes a measurement of a voltage signal.
 6. The method of claim 1wherein the fluid condition includes a measurement of an electricalcurrent.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of comparing includesselectively monitoring the fluid condition at the irrigation unit overtime using a main control system.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein thepredetermined percentage is at least approximately 5 percent.
 9. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the predetermined percentage is at leastapproximately 20 percent.
 10. The method of claim 1 further comprisingthe step of comparing the fluid condition at the first point along theirrigation line with the fluid condition at each of a plurality ofsecond points, each second point being located at a corresponding spacedapart irrigation unit of the irrigation system to determine whether adisparity in the fluid conditions that is at least a predeterminedpercentage exists.
 11. The method of claim 10 further comprising thestep of selectively activating one of the irrigation units so thatirrigation fluid flows through the one irrigation unit to measure thefluid condition at the one irrigation unit.
 12. The method of claim 11wherein the step of selectively activating includes methodicallychanging the irrigation unit that is selectively activated to facilitatea determination of a breach in the irrigation line.
 13. The method ofclaim 12 wherein the step of methodically changing the irrigation unitthat is selectively activated is controlled by a main control system ofthe irrigation system.
 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the step ofmethodically changing includes determining when a disparity in the fluidcondition exists between two of the irrigation units.
 15. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the step of determining includes the main controlsystem identifying a section of the irrigation line that is positionedbetween the two irrigation units as being at least partially breached.16. The method of claim 10 further comprising the step of deactivatingeach of the plurality of irrigation units so that no irrigation fluidcontinually flows through each of the plurality of irrigation units. 17.The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of transmitting dataregarding the fluid condition between the irrigation unit and a maincontrol system of the irrigation system.
 18. The method of claim 17further comprising the step of storing the data regarding the fluidcondition at the irrigation unit at the main control system.
 19. Amethod for detecting a malfunction in an irrigation system, the methodcomprising the step of: measuring a fluid condition at a plurality ofirrigation units of the irrigation system; and determining whether adisparity in the fluid conditions exists above a predeterminedpercentage between two of the plurality of irrigation units.
 20. Themethod of claim 19 wherein the fluid condition includes a measurement ofirrigation fluid pressure.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the fluidcondition includes a measurement of a quantity of irrigation fluid. 22.The method of claim 19 wherein the fluid condition includes ameasurement of a rate of flow of the irrigation fluid.
 23. The method ofclaim 19 wherein the fluid condition includes a measurement of a voltagesignal.
 24. The method of claim 19 wherein the fluid condition includesa measurement of an electrical current.
 25. The method of claim 19wherein the step of comparing includes selectively monitoring the fluidcondition at the irrigation unit over time.
 26. The method of claim 19further comprising the step of at least two of the irrigation unitstransmitting data regarding the fluid condition to a main controlsystem.
 27. The method of claim 26 further comprising the step of themain control system selectively activating the irrigation units tolocate the disparity between two adjacent irrigation units.
 28. Themethod of claim 27 wherein the step of selectively activating includesidentifying a section of an irrigation line between the two irrigationunits as being at least partially breached.